Voter turnout in the United States fluctuates in national elections. In recent decades, about 60% of the voting eligible population votes during presidential election years, and about 40% votes during midterm elections. Turnout is lower for odd year, primary and local elections. 2020 had the highest turnout in over a century, and 2018 had the highest midterm turnout in over a century.

https://e.infogram.com/voter_turnout-590?src=embedVoter Turnout 1789-2020noborder:none;allowfullscreen5507770

Voter turnout also varies considerably from state to state. In 2020 and 2016, Minnesota, Colorado, Maine, and New Hampshire were among the highest-turnout states.

https://e.infogram.com/2014_voter_turnout?src=embedVoter Turnout Rates 2012-2020noborder:none;allowfullscreen55029110

By international standards, voter turnout in the U.S. is low. In countries with compulsory voting, like Australia, Belgium, and Chile, voter turnout hovered near 90% in the 2000s. Other countries, like Austria, Sweden, and Italy, experienced turnout rates near 80%. Overall, OECD countries experience turnout rates of about 70%. 

Measuring Voter Turnout

Voter turnout can be measured in different ways, with different denominators. It can be expressed as a percentage of the number of eligible voters (“voting eligible population turnout”),  registered voters (“registered voter turnout”) or the population that is old enough to vote ("Voting age population turnout"). 

It is quite easy to confuse these different measures of voter participation and make misleading inferences about the relative health of our democracy. This is especially true when comparing turnout in the United States (which is often measured in terms of the voting eligible population or the voting age population) to other countries (which tend to measure voter turnout in terms of registered voters). 

For a full discussion of these issues, read Haley Smith's blog, "Voter Turnout: Behind the Numbers." 

https://e.infogram.com/american_residents_voting?src=embedAmerican Residents Votingnoborder:none;allowfullscreen70017800

What Affects Voter Turnout Rates?

Turnout varies greatly by state. In the 2020 presidential election, 80% of eligible voters in Minnesota cast ballots, whereas only 55% of eligible Oklahoman voters did so. Many different factors influence voter turnout levels. 

Electoral Competitiveness: One of the most important factors is the competitiveness of the presidential election in each state. 69% of voters in the ten most competitive states cast a ballot in 2020, compared to the national average of 66%.

Election Type:  Low turnout is most pronounced in primary elections, off-year elections for state legislators, and local elections. For example, a 2013 study of 340 mayoral elections in 144 U.S. cities from 1996-2012 found that voter turnout in those cities averaged at 25.8%. In many cities, mayors have been elected with single-digit turnout.  For example, turnout in Dallas' 1999 mayoral election was a mere 5%.

Run-off elections for all offices also tend to have lower turnout than first round elections, especially if the first round election takes place on the same day as several other elections. For example, of the 248 primary runoff elections between 1994 and 2020, all but eight resulted in a decrease in turnout between the initial primary and the runoff. The average decline in turnout was 38%. Additionally, the longer the wait between the initial primary and the runoff, the larger the decrease in voter turnout.

Voting Laws: Voter registration laws, voter identification laws, early voting, and polling place accessibility can also affect voter turnout.

Demographics: In the aggregate, voters tend to be older, wealthier, more educated and whiter than non-voters. 

Age: Young people are much less likely to vote than older ones. Citizens 18-29 years old typically turn out at a rate more than 10 points lower than citizens aged 30 years and older.

Race/ethnicity: Voter turnout also varies by race and ethnicity. In 2016, turnout among eligible white voters is estimated at 65%. On the other hand, turnout among Black voters and Hispanic voters was estimated at 60%, 45%, and 45% respectively. 

Gender: Women's voter turnout has surpassed men's in every presidential election since 1980. In the 2016 election, 63.3% of eligible women voters cast a ballot, compared to only 59.3% of eligible male voters.

Socio-economic status: Wealthy Americans vote at much higher rates than those of lower socio-economic status. During the 2016 presidential election, 50% of eligible voters in households earning less than $50,000 per year cast a ballot, compared to 69% turnout among voters with a household income higher than $50,000 per year. Studies have shown that this difference in turnout affects public policy: politicians are more likely to respond to the desires of their wealthy constituents than of their poorer constituents, in part because their wealthy constituents are more likely to vote.

How Can We Increase Voter Turnout?

FairVote advocates a number of systemic electoral reforms that reverse the contextual reasons for low turnout. 

Fair Representation Voting for legislative elections would allow for outcomes that better represent the diverse beliefs of the electorate, and could therefore combat the low voter turnout that we see in many winner-take-all plurality districts, where choices are limited.

A National Popular Vote (NPV) for president, which would make every vote in every state equally valuable in every election, would expand presidential campaigns from just ten states to all 50. As voter turnout is markedly lower in states that receive no presidential campaign attention, the reallocation of campaign resources to include non-battleground states would likely increase turnout in those states.

Ranked Choice Voting (RCV) for other single seat offices like mayor and governor would better represent the views of third party and independent voters, as more candidates would be inclined to run. Therefore, voters who might not feel that their views are represented in a two-party race would turn out to the polls to support their preferred candidate. Cities that have adopted RCV have seen turnout increase in recent mayoral elections across a variety of contexts. 

Universal Voter Registration would modernize voter registration in the United States, making government responsible for maintaining accurate and complete voter rolls, shifting our system from its current opt-in structure to an opt-out structure. 

Learn more about voter turnout in the U.S. and abroad at these sites.

United States Elections Project at University of Florida

U.S. Census (Voting and Registration)

• The Census publishes regular reports about voting and voter turnout, available here.  
• See, for example, Thom File's 2014 report, "Young Adult Voting: An Analysis of Presidential Elections, 1964 - 2012" and File's 2015 report, "Who Votes? Congressional Elections and the American Electorate: 1978-2014"

U.S. Census (The Diversifying Electorate) 

International IDEA 

CIRCLE - The Center for Information and Research on Civil Learning
Pew Hispanic Trends Project 

Non-Profit's America Goes To the Polls 2012

George Washington University infographic on swing states